لماذا تكون متطلبات السلامة في السيارات صارمة للغاية؟
السلامة الوظيفية، وCMMI، وAutomotive SPICE – تحمي صناعة السيارات اليوم عدة إرشادات ومعايير، لكن الأمر لم يكن كذلك دائمًا.
In the past, safety standards were not as stringent, leading to numerous accidents and fatalities. For this reason, The ‘New Car Assessment Program’ (NCAP) was introduced. It’s an initiative managed by various national governments, including the US and EU, that informs consumers about the safety features of new cars and motivates manufacturers to enhance vehicle safety. That was the beginning of a global movement toward prioritizing vehicle safety, resulting in continuous advancements in automotive technology and stricter regulations to protect drivers, passengers, and pedestrians.
مقدمة في السلامة في قطاع السيارات
The automotive industry has come a long way since the early days of motor vehicles. Today, it stands as one of the most heavily regulated industries in the world, and for good reason. The safety of drivers and passengers is paramount, and the consequences of failing to meet safety standards can be dire. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), road traffic accidents rank as the eighth most common cause of mortality worldwide. These staggering statistics underscore the critical responsibility that automotive manufacturers bear in ensuring their vehicles are designed and built to the highest safety standards.
أهمية السلامة في صناعة السيارات
The Automotive industry is under constant scrutiny to uphold stringent safety standards. This is not just a regulatory requirement but a moral obligation to protect lives. The consequences of neglecting safety can be catastrophic, leading to loss of life, severe injuries, and significant financial liabilities. Automotive manufacturers must adhere to rigorous safety standards to mitigate these risks. These standards are designed to ensure that every vehicle on the road is equipped with the necessary safety features to protect its occupants. From advanced electronic systems to robust structural designs, every aspect of a vehicle is scrutinised to meet these high standards. This comprehensive approach to safety is what helps reduce the number of motor vehicle accidents and save lives.
لماذا تعتبر معايير صناعة السيارات صارمة إلى هذا الحد وكيف حدث ذلك؟
It won’t come as a surprise but the first automobiles were not safe to drive. While carriage-fitted combustion engines were patented by George B. Selden in 1879, it wasn’t until the early 1900s that the first safety measures were introduced with Connecticut enacting a speed limit under traffic law followed by New York penalising people for driving under the influence of alcohol in 1910. By the 1930s, tricolour traffic lights were introduced in the United States, most West European countries, and Japan.
The 1950’s was the decade when the installation of safety measures in cars lead to a dramatic change in the number of vehicles using public roads and of course, the number of accidents. The statistics were so concerning that in 1952, the first-ever working group, The UNECE World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (or WP.29), focused entirely on vehicle safety by discussing the formation of a safety standard. This resulted in the 1958’s agreement on a ‘unified approach to the approval of vehicles, components and parts in the European Union’. Finally, in 1959 the modern three-point seat belt was invented by Nils Bohlin and by the end of 60’s it was routinely installed in new cars in Europe.
Meanwhile in the US, a landmark non-fiction book, ‘Unsafe at Any Speed. Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile’ written by Ralph Nader in 1965, criticised car manufactures reluctance to introduce safety measures and safety standards. The book was a bestseller in 1968 and can be at least partially credited with encouraging the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, to be passed. One of its regulations, launched in 1968, included establishing an agency that would enforce safety laws for every new car leaving the factory. This is how The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration was born. The new standard focused on ensuring that drivers are shielded against unreasonable risk resulting from the design and performance of vehicles.
As the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s all saw further surges in the number of cars produced and sold worldwide, there was a growing need for additional safety measures that would protect drivers as well as passengers. As the number of road accidents soared, these measures would have to be far stricter than the regulations introduced in the 50’s and 60’s. Functional safety standards, such as ISO 26262, were established to ensure the safe operation of electrical and electronic systems within road vehicles.
وهكذا، تم إدخال معايير السيارات الحديثة كما نعرفها اليوم.
ما هي معايير السلامة في قطاع السيارات؟
السلامة الوظيفية – ISO26262
وظيفيSالسلامة تتعلق بالكامل بـتقليلالـالمخاطرsالمرتبطة بتصميم المنتج وتطويره.Aعددالمخاطروالأعطال المحتملةيجب إدارتهابالإضافة إلىإدارةنظام نشطالتعرفesهذه ويستجيب وفقًا لذلك.كلما زادت كفاءة هذا النظام، زادتأفضل الـالوقاية من الأضرار غير المقصودة.مامهم،هو أن FوظيفيSيُقصد بالسلامة أن تُؤخذ في الاعتبار من البداية إلى النهاية، ولا يمكن لأي نظام أن يكونيُعتبرآمنةدون مراعاة تفاعله معالـالبيئة وجميع عناصرها.
في قطاع السيارات، يتم ضمان هذا الوقاية من خلال معيار ISO 26262, الذي يصف بالتفصيلالجوانب التي ينبغي مراجعتها وحمايتها.كما يقدم المعيار إرشادات حول كيفية الحسابالـمستوى سلامة السيارات (ASIL) بناءً على عدة عوامل، بما في ذلك احتمالية الإصابة وشدتها المحتملة.بناءً على هذه المعلومات، المنتجووظائفها الحرجة من حيث السلامةيمكنثم beمعتمدومعلن عنه كخالٍ من الأخطاء.
تم الإعلان عن معيار ISO 26262 نفسه في عام 2011 من قبل المنظمة الدوليةالتوحيد القياسي(ISO)، لكنit isيستمدdمن قياسيتم إصداره in 1998 ‘IEC 61508’. كان أول معيار دوليمعيار دولي يتناول سلامةالأنظمة الكهربائية/الإلكترونية/القابلة للبرمجة.
اقرأ المزيد عن السلامة الوظيفية وعلاقتها بـISO 26262 في هذا المقال على مدونتنا.
اعرف المزيد عن ISO 26262
احصل على دليلناASPICE (تحسين أداء البرمجيات في قطاع السيارات وتحديد القدرات)
ASPICE’s primary goal is to establish a framework that could be used in the process definition, implementation, and evaluation in software system development. It also helps assess the process maturity level necessary for developing software in the automotive sector.
معكبار مصنّعي السيارات مثل BMW وتستخدمه Ford، وهو أحد أكثرمعتمد على نطاق واسعمعايير الصناعة.والأهم من ذلك، أنه يمكن بسهولة be ممتد إلى أخرىمجالات، بما في ذلك الهندسة الميكانيكية والأجهزة.
صدر المعيار نفسه في عام 2001بواسطة AUTOSIG، لكنه ينشأ فيالـإطار عمل ISO 15504 (SPICE) ونموذج Vلتطوير البرمجيات التيas واسع الاستخدام من قطاع السياراتالمصنّعون قبل هذا التاريخ. أUTOSIG(أو مجموعة الاهتمام الخاصة بالسيارات) من مُصنّعي ومنتجي السيارات الألمان (Daimler،فولكس فاجنو Audi,من بين آخرين)،مجموعة مستخدمي SPICE التابعة لمنظمة ISO ومنتدى المشتريات الذي يديره الاتحاد الأوروبيالعمولة.
CMMI
بينما تحظى ISO 26262 وASPICE باعتراف واسع في أوروبا، هناك أيضًا إطار عمل يُستخدم حصريًا تقريبًا في الولايات المتحدة يُسمى CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration). This framework offers guidance for streamlining organisational processes and encouraging productive behaviours aimed at limiting the number of risks that can occur in service, product and software development. As is the case with two other standards, CMMI focuses on analysing systems and process workflows as a whole rather than in isolated segments. This approach ensures more efficient hazard detection and allows protective measures to be put in place.
تم تطوير CMMI من قبل معهد هندسة البرمجيات في جامعة كارنيجي ميلون فيالتعاون مع الولايات المتحدةحكومي. في البداية، كان الإطار بمثابة أداة لتحسين العمليات في المؤسسات،الأقساموالمشاريع.
كيف نتعامل مع معايير السيارات في Spyrosoft
في Spyrosoft، نعمل على مجموعة واسعة من مشاريع السيارات التي يتم إنجازها ضمن قطاع السيارات Unit. Regardless of whether we collaborate with an OEM/Tier 1 manufacturer or a small company developing innovative automotive products, our focus stays the same: ensuring that the projects, their processes and the final products are fail-proof and able to be certified under international automotive standards.
As mentioned, these are notoriously strict, which also means that you need to follow them back-to-back on all levels of an automotive project. It can be challenging at times, but with support from our experienced functional safety engineers and quality specialists (with their التدريب على ISO 26262 وASPICEكيف نوازن بين الأتمتة واللمسة البشرية في الصيانة التنبؤية؟
هل تحتاج إلى مساعدة في تنفيذ معايير السلامة في السيارات في مؤسستك؟ اتصل بخبيرنا لمعرفة كيف يمكننا مساعدتك!
Automotive safety standards are strict due to decades of road accidents, fatalities, and increasing vehicle complexity. Global initiatives such as NCAP and regulatory bodies like NHTSA and UNECE were introduced to improve vehicle safety and reduce road traffic deaths, which remain one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide.
ISO 26262 is the international standard for Functional Safety in road vehicles. It ensures the safe operation of electrical and electronic systems by identifying hazards, assessing risks, and defining safety requirements. It also introduces Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASIL) to classify risk severity.
Functional Safety focuses on minimising risks caused by system malfunctions. It ensures that automotive systems can detect potential failures and respond appropriately to prevent harm. It must be considered end-to-end, including system interaction with its environment.
ASPICE is a process assessment framework used to evaluate and improve software development processes in the automotive industry. Based on ISO 15504 (SPICE), it helps determine process maturity and is widely adopted by major OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers.
CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) is a process improvement framework primarily used in the US. It helps organisations streamline development processes, reduce risks, and improve product and software quality by assessing overall process maturity.
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