Pourquoi les exigences de sécurité automobile sont-elles si strictes ?
Sécurité fonctionnelle, CMMI, Automotive SPICE – l'industrie automobile d'aujourd'hui est protégée par plusieurs directives et normes, mais cela n'a pas toujours été le cas.
In the past, safety standards were not as stringent, leading to numerous accidents and fatalities. For this reason, The ‘New Car Assessment Program’ (NCAP) was introduced. It’s an initiative managed by various national governments, including the US and EU, that informs consumers about the safety features of new cars and motivates manufacturers to enhance vehicle safety. That was the beginning of a global movement toward prioritizing vehicle safety, resulting in continuous advancements in automotive technology and stricter regulations to protect drivers, passengers, and pedestrians.
Introduction à la sécurité automobile
The automotive industry has come a long way since the early days of motor vehicles. Today, it stands as one of the most heavily regulated industries in the world, and for good reason. The safety of drivers and passengers is paramount, and the consequences of failing to meet safety standards can be dire. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), road traffic accidents rank as the eighth most common cause of mortality worldwide. These staggering statistics underscore the critical responsibility that automotive manufacturers bear in ensuring their vehicles are designed and built to the highest safety standards.
L'importance de la sécurité dans l'industrie automobile
The Automotive industry is under constant scrutiny to uphold stringent safety standards. This is not just a regulatory requirement but a moral obligation to protect lives. The consequences of neglecting safety can be catastrophic, leading to loss of life, severe injuries, and significant financial liabilities. Automotive manufacturers must adhere to rigorous safety standards to mitigate these risks. These standards are designed to ensure that every vehicle on the road is equipped with the necessary safety features to protect its occupants. From advanced electronic systems to robust structural designs, every aspect of a vehicle is scrutinised to meet these high standards. This comprehensive approach to safety is what helps reduce the number of motor vehicle accidents and save lives.
Pourquoi les normes automobiles sont-elles si strictes et comment en est-on arrivé là ?
It won’t come as a surprise but the first automobiles were not safe to drive. While carriage-fitted combustion engines were patented by George B. Selden in 1879, it wasn’t until the early 1900s that the first safety measures were introduced with Connecticut enacting a speed limit under traffic law followed by New York penalising people for driving under the influence of alcohol in 1910. By the 1930s, tricolour traffic lights were introduced in the United States, most West European countries, and Japan.
The 1950’s was the decade when the installation of safety measures in cars lead to a dramatic change in the number of vehicles using public roads and of course, the number of accidents. The statistics were so concerning that in 1952, the first-ever working group, The UNECE World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (or WP.29), focused entirely on vehicle safety by discussing the formation of a safety standard. This resulted in the 1958’s agreement on a ‘unified approach to the approval of vehicles, components and parts in the European Union’. Finally, in 1959 the modern three-point seat belt was invented by Nils Bohlin and by the end of 60’s it was routinely installed in new cars in Europe.
Meanwhile in the US, a landmark non-fiction book, ‘Unsafe at Any Speed. Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile’ written by Ralph Nader in 1965, criticised car manufactures reluctance to introduce safety measures and safety standards. The book was a bestseller in 1968 and can be at least partially credited with encouraging the National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, to be passed. One of its regulations, launched in 1968, included establishing an agency that would enforce safety laws for every new car leaving the factory. This is how The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration was born. The new standard focused on ensuring that drivers are shielded against unreasonable risk resulting from the design and performance of vehicles.
As the 70’s, 80’s and 90’s all saw further surges in the number of cars produced and sold worldwide, there was a growing need for additional safety measures that would protect drivers as well as passengers. As the number of road accidents soared, these measures would have to be far stricter than the regulations introduced in the 50’s and 60’s. Functional safety standards, such as ISO 26262, were established to ensure the safe operation of electrical and electronic systems within road vehicles.
C'est ainsi que les normes automobiles modernes telles que nous les connaissons aujourd'hui ont été introduites.
Quelles sont les normes de sécurité dans l'automobile ?
Sécurité fonctionnelle – ISO26262
FonctionnelSLa sécurité, c'est avant touten minimisantlerisquesassociés à la conception et au développement de produits.Anombre dedangerset défaillances potentiellesdoivent être gérésainsi quegestionun système actif quireconnaîtesceux-ci et répond en conséquence.Plus ce système est efficace, plus lamieux leprévention des dommages involontaires sera assurée.Quel estimportant,est-ce que FfonctionnelSLa sécurité doit être considérée de bout en bout et aucun système ne peut êtreconsidérésûrsans considérer son interaction avecleenvironnement et tous ses éléments.
Dans le secteur automobile, cette prévention est assurée par la norme ISO 26262, qui décrit en détailquels aspects doivent être examinés et protégés.La norme offre également des indications sur la manière de calculerleAutomotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) basé sur plusieurs facteurs, y compris la probabilité d'une blessure et sa gravité potentielle.Suite à ces informations, le produitet ses fonctions critiques pour la sécuritépeutpuis becertifiéet proclamé infaillible.
La norme ISO 26262 elle-même a été annoncée en 2011 par l'Organisation internationale deNormalisation(ISO), maisit isdécoulentdde la standardpublié in 1998 ‘IEC 61508’. Il a été le premier internatinorme nationale traitant de la sécurité desystèmes électriques/électroniques/programmables.
En savoir plus sur la sécurité fonctionnelle et sa relation avecISO 26262 dans cet article sur notre blog.
En savoir plus sur l'ISO 26262
Obtenez notre guideASPICE (Automotive Software Performance Improvement and Capability Determination)
ASPICE’s primary goal is to establish a framework that could be used in the process definition, implementation, and evaluation in software system development. It also helps assess the process maturity level necessary for developing software in the automotive sector.
Avecdes constructeurs automobiles de premier plan tels que BMW etFord l'utilise, c'est l'un des pluslargement adopténormes sectorielles.Point crucial, il peut facilement be étendu à d'autresdomaines, notamment l'ingénierie mécanique et le matériel.
La norme elle-même a été publiée en 2001par AUTOSIG, mais il trouve son origine dansleLe cadre ISO 15504 (SPICE) et le modèle en Vpour le développement logiciel quias largement utilisé par l'automobileconstructeurs avant cette date. UnUTOSIG(ou Automotive Special Interest Group) était composé de constructeurs et producteurs automobiles allemands (Daimler,Volkswagenet Audi,entre autres),Le SPICE User Group de l'ISO et le Procurement Forum animé par la EuropeanCommission.
CMMI
Alors que l'ISO 26262 et l'ASPICE sont largement reconnus en Europe, il existe également un référentiel utilisé presque exclusivement aux États-Unis appelé CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration). This framework offers guidance for streamlining organisational processes and encouraging productive behaviours aimed at limiting the number of risks that can occur in service, product and software development. As is the case with two other standards, CMMI focuses on analysing systems and process workflows as a whole rather than in isolated segments. This approach ensures more efficient hazard detection and allows protective measures to be put in place.
Le CMMI a été développé par le Software Engineering Institute de Carnegie Mellon encollaboration avec les États-Unisgouvernement. Initialement, le framework servait d'outil pour améliorer les processus au sein des organisations,divisionset projets.
Notre approche des normes automobiles chez Spyrosoft
Chez Spyrosoft, nous travaillons sur un large éventail de projets automobiles réalisés au sein de notre Secteur automobile Unit. Regardless of whether we collaborate with an OEM/Tier 1 manufacturer or a small company developing innovative automotive products, our focus stays the same: ensuring that the projects, their processes and the final products are fail-proof and able to be certified under international automotive standards.
As mentioned, these are notoriously strict, which also means that you need to follow them back-to-back on all levels of an automotive project. It can be challenging at times, but with support from our experienced functional safety engineers and quality specialists (with their Formation ISO 26262 et ASPICEComment équilibrer l'automatisation et la touche humaine dans la maintenance prédictive ?
Besoin d'aide pour mettre en œuvre les normes de sécurité automobile dans votre organisation ? Contactez notre expert pour découvrir comment nous pouvons vous aider !
Automotive safety standards are strict due to decades of road accidents, fatalities, and increasing vehicle complexity. Global initiatives such as NCAP and regulatory bodies like NHTSA and UNECE were introduced to improve vehicle safety and reduce road traffic deaths, which remain one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide.
ISO 26262 is the international standard for Functional Safety in road vehicles. It ensures the safe operation of electrical and electronic systems by identifying hazards, assessing risks, and defining safety requirements. It also introduces Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASIL) to classify risk severity.
Functional Safety focuses on minimising risks caused by system malfunctions. It ensures that automotive systems can detect potential failures and respond appropriately to prevent harm. It must be considered end-to-end, including system interaction with its environment.
ASPICE est un référentiel d'évaluation des processus utilisé pour évaluer et améliorer les processus de développement logiciel dans l'industrie automobile. Fondé sur l'ISO 15504 (SPICE), il aide à déterminer la maturité des processus et est largement adopté par les grands constructeurs automobiles et les fournisseurs de rang 1.
CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration) is a process improvement framework primarily used in the US. It helps organisations streamline development processes, reduce risks, and improve product and software quality by assessing overall process maturity.
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